create(['email' => 'Mixed.Case@Example.com']); expect(User::findByEmail('mixed.case@example.com')?->id)->toBe($user->id) ->and(User::findByEmail(' MIXED.CASE@EXAMPLE.COM ')?->id)->toBe($user->id); }); test('findByEmail returns null for blank or unknown email', function () { User::factory()->create(['email' => 'someone@example.com']); expect(User::findByEmail(''))->toBeNull() ->and(User::findByEmail(' '))->toBeNull() ->and(User::findByEmail('unknown@example.com'))->toBeNull(); });